Global aerosol simulations using NICAM.16 on a 14-km grid spacing for a climate study: Improved and remaining issues relative to a lower-resolution model

Abstract. High-performance computing resources allow us to conduct numerical simulations with a horizontal grid spacing that is sufficiently high to resolve cloud systems on a global scale, and high-resolution models (HRMs) generally provide better simulation performances than low-resolution models (LRMs). In this study, we execute a next-generation model that is capable of simulating global aerosols on a nonhydrostatic icosahedral atmospheric model version 16 (NICAM.16). The simulated aerosol distributions are obtained for 3 years with a HRM in a global 14-km grid spacing, an unprecedentedly high horizontal resolution and long integration period. For comparison, a NICAM with a 56-km grid spacing is also run as an LRM, although this horizontal resolution is still high among current global climate models. The comparison elucidated that the differences in the various variables of meteorological fields, including the wind speed, precipitation, clouds, radiation fluxes and total aerosols, are generally within 10 % of their annual averages, but most of the variables related to aerosols simulated by the HRM are slightly closer to the observations than are those simulated by the LRM. Upon investigating the aerosol components, the differences in the water-insoluble black carbon (WIBC) and sulfate concentrations between the HRM and LRM are large (up to 32 %), even in the annual averages. This finding is attributed to the differences in the column burden of the aerosol wet deposition, which is determined by a conversion rate of precipitation to cloud and the difference between the HRM and LRM is approximately 20 %. Additionally, the differences in the simulated aerosol concentrations at polluted sites during polluted months between the HRM and LRM are estimated with medians of −23 % (−63 % to −2.5 %) for BC, −4 % (−91 % to +18 %) for sulfate and −1 % (−49 % to +223 %) for the aerosol optical thickness (AOT). These findings indicate that the differences in the secondary and tertiary products, such as the AOT, between the different horizontal grid spacings are not explained simply by the grid size. On a global scale, the subgrid variabilities in the simulated AOT and COT in the 1°×1° domain using 6-hourly data are estimated to be 28.5 % and 80.0 %, respectively, in the HRM, whereas the corresponding differences are 16.6 % and 22.9 % in the LRM. Over the Arctic, both the HRM and the LRM generally reproduce the observed aerosols, but the largest difference in the surface BC mass concentrations between the HRM and LRM reaches 30 % in spring (the HRM-simulated results are closer to the observations). The vertical distributions of the HRM- and LRM-simulated aerosols are generally close to the measurements, but the differences between the HRM and LRM results are large above a height of approximately 3 km, mainly due to differences in the wet deposition of the aerosols. The global annual averages of the direct and indirect aerosol radiative forcings (ARFs) attributed to anthropogenic aerosols in the HRM are estimated to be −0.29 Wm−2 and −0.93 Wm−2, respectively, whereas those in the LRM are −0.24 Wm−2 and −1.10 Wm−2. The differences in the direct ARF between the HRM and LRM are primarily caused by those in the aerosol burden, whereas the differences in the indirect ARF are primarily caused by those in the cloud expression and performance, which are attributed to the grid spacing. Because one-tenth of the computer resources are required for the LRM (56-km grid) compared to the HRM (14-km grid), we recommend that the various tuning parameters associated with the aerosol distributions using the LRM can be applicable to those using the HRM under the limitation of the available computational resources or before the HRM integration.