Activation of two distinct anti-proliferative pathways, apoptosis and p38 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase-dependent cell cycle arrest, by tumor necrosis factor (TNF) in human melanoma cell line A375

INTRODUCTION TNF is a pleiotropic cytokine that is mainly produced by macrophages and monocytes, but also by many other cell types including lymphoid cells and fibroblasts, in response to inflammation, infection, and other environmental attacks [1]. TNF has a large number of effects ranging from inducing other cytokines and immunoregulatory molecules, regulating cell proliferation and differentiation, and causing apoptosis [1, 2]. The multifunctionality [...]